SQL Cheat Sheet

The SQL cheat sheet provides you with the most commonly used SQL statements for your reference. You can download the SQL cheat sheet as follows:

Download the 3-page SQL cheat sheet in PDF format

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Querying data from a table #

Query data of column1 and column2 from a table:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table_name;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query all data from a table:

SELECT
  *
FROM
  table_name;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Retrieve specific rows based on a condition:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table_name
WHERE
  condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query distinct rows from the column1 and column2 from a table:

SELECT DISTINCT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table_name;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Sort the result set in ascending order:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table_name
ORDER BY
  column1;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Sort the result set in descending order:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table_name
ORDER BY
  column2 DESC;

Skip m rows before returning the next n rows from a table:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table_name
ORDER BY
  column1
LIMIT
  n
OFFSET
  m;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Group rows and apply an aggregate function to each group:

SELECT
  column1,
  aggregate_fn (column2)
FROM
  table_name
GROUP BY
  column1;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Filter groups by a condition using HAVING clause:

SELECT
  column1,
  aggregate_fn (column2)
FROM
  table_name
GROUP BY
  column1
HAVING
  condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Querying data from multiple tables #

Perform an inner join of two tables:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table1
  INNER JOIN table2 ON condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Perform a left join of two tables:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table1
  LEFT JOIN table2 ON condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Perform a right join of two tables:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table1
  RIGHT JOIN table2 ON condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Perform a full outer join:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table1
  FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Perform a cross-join:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table1
  CROSS JOIN table2;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Perform a self-join using an inner join:

SELECT t1.column1, t2.column2
FROM table1 t1
INNER JOIN table1 t2 ON condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Set operations #

Return the union of two result sets:

SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table1
UNION [ALL]
SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table2;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Return the intersection of two result sets:

SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table1
INTERSECT [ALL]
SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table2;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Subtract a result set from another result set:

SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table1
MINUS
SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table2;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Logical operators #

Query rows using pattern matching:

SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table_name
WHERE column1 [NOT] LIKE pattern;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Check if a value in a set of values:

SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table_name
WHERE column1 [NOT] IN (v1, v2, v3);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Check if a value is in a range of values:

SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table_name
WHERE column1 [NOT] BETWEEN low AND high;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Check if a value is NULL or not:

SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table_name
WHERE column1 IS [NOT] NULL;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Managing tables #

Create a new table:

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS table_name (
     column1 datatype PRIMARY KEY,
     column2 datatype constraint,
     table_constraint
);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Remove a table from the database:

DROP IF EXISTS TABLE table_name ;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Add a new column to the table:

ALTER TABLE table_name 
ADD column1 datatype constraint;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Drop a column from the table:

ALTER TABLE table_name 
DROP COLUMN column1;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Add a constraint:

ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD constraint;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Drop a constraint:

ALTER TABLE table_name 
DROP constraint;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Rename a table:

ALTER TABLE table1 
RENAME TO table2;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Rename a column:

ALTER TABLE table1 
RENAME column1 TO column2;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Remove all data from a table fast:

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Using SQL constraints #

Create a composite primary key:

CREATE TABLE table_name (
    column1 datatype, 
    column2 datatype, 
    column3 datatype,
    PRIMARY KEY (column1, column2)
);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Create a foreign key constraint:

CREATE TABLE table_name (
    column1 datatype PRIMARY KEY,  
    column2 datatype,
    FOREIGN KEY (column2) REFERENCES table2(column2) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE
);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Create a unique constraint that includes two columns:

CREATE TABLE table_name (
    column1 data_type, 
    column2 data_type,
    column3 data_type,
    UNIQUE(column2,column3)
);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Create a CHECK constraint:

CREATE TABLE table_name (
   column1 datatype, 
   column2 datatype,
   CHECK(expression)
);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Set a NOT NULL constraint:

CREATE TABLE table_name (
     column1 datatype,
     column2 datatype NOT NULL
);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Modifying Data #

Insert one row into a table:

INSERT INTO table_name(column_list)
VALUES(value_list);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Insert multiple rows into a table:

INSERT INTO table_name(column_list)
VALUES (value_list), 
       (value_list);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Insert data selected from the table2 into table1:

INSERT INTO table1(column_list)
SELECT column_list
FROM table2;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Update the new value in the column for all rows:

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = new_value;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Update values in two columns in rows that match the condition:

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = new_value, 
    column2 = new_value
WHERE condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Delete all data in a table:

DELETE FROM table_name;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Delete a subset of rows in a table:

DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Managing Views #

Create a new view based on a query:

CREATE VIEW view_name(column1,column2) 
AS
query;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Create a new view with the WITH CHECK OPTION:

CREATE VIEW view_name(column1, column2) 
AS
query
WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Create a recursive view:

CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW view_name 
AS
query  -- anchor part
UNION [ALL]
query; -- recursive partCode language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Create a temporary view:

CREATE TEMPORARY VIEW view_name 
AS
query;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Delete a view:

DROP VIEW IF EXISTS view_name;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Managing indexes #

Create an index on column1 and column2 of the table table_name:

CREATE INDEX index_name 
ON table_name(column1,column2);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Create a unique index on column3 and column4 of the table_name:

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name
ON table_name(column3, column4)Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Drop an index:

DROP INDEX index_name;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Managing triggers #

Create or replace a trigger:

CREATE OR MODIFY TRIGGER trigger_name
WHEN EVENT
ON table_name TRIGGER_TYPE
EXECUTE stored_procedure;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Delete a specific trigger:

DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)